Unit+7

Chapter 27 Preview

 * 1921-1941; same years as Unit 6
 * domestic issues vs. international affairs/diplomacy

Chapter 27 - Notes

 * choices for foreign policy: isolated(dont get involved; only focus on domestic issues) vs. imperialism(try to extend influence internationally)
 * internationalism: involvement with other countries like League of Nations or trade; not necessarily ocnquering their nation; not isolation nor imperialism
 * U.S. in 1930s: isolationism; lates 1930s the U.S. turns to internationalism
 * neutralitty act: u.s. stayed neutral even when germany, japan, and italy are getting involved with imperialism
 * Key Decisions by Roosevelt on Economic Diplomacy: lowered the gold value to make international trade easier, ignored war debts because hefelt that the circular loans were not working (there was no point in loaning money for other countries to pay us back), tried to improve America's trade position by making treaties to lower tariffs; lead to 40% increase in American exports (Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act)

Assumptions for (upcoming) Chap 27

 * the U.S. is longer neutral
 * other nations like france decline
 * the government begins to influence the public opinion on war
 * America made a committee to discuss war
 * Roosevelt runs for third term as president and is elected under the campaign that he would not take U.S> into war (true until Pearl Harbor is bombed)
 * economy has improved; more accesssible money
 * german army invades foreign nations
 * japanese and american involvement in war; leading to pearl harbor
 * japan joins the war
 * Germany grows stronger and begins to take control of Europe: germany at the time invades to the east (takes over France) and the west (invades USSR)

Chapter 27 Top Ten
> 9. Kellogg Briand Pact: (1928) outlawed war between 14 nations > 10. circular loans: many nations that were in debt to the U.S. were loaning more money from other nations to pay the U.S. as well as then loaning more money from the U.S. to pay off debt to other countries; since this process was not helping the economy Roosevelt removed the circular loans
 * 1) Neutrality: this was the original plan for the U.S.; the majority of the American people felt that they did not want to get involved in the what and that is the campaign that had gotten Roosevelt re-elected
 * 2) Shift in Public Opinion: Once tensions grew and the economic ties with other nations already involved in war was at risk many Americans began to change their opinion on joining the war, especially after the bombing of Pearl Harbor; the public began supporting the war
 * 3) Fall of France: Germany invaded France on June 1940 and completely took over their nation
 * 4) Invasion of the USSR: Germany also invaded the USSR (opposite direction of France to Germany on map) in June 1941
 * 5) Bombing of Pearl Harbor: On December 7, 1941 Japan bombed U.S's Pacific Fleet Headquarters provoking the U.S. to join the war
 * 6) World War 2 begins: Many nations began declaring war on each other: America declares war on Japan on December 8 1941; Japan's allies, Italy and Germany, declare war on America on December 11 1941
 * 7) Tripartite Pact: alliance formed between Italy, Germany, and Japan that had grew very strong and caused conlfits when they started attacking and trying to get other nations involved in war
 * 8) Washington Conference: agreements like the Rive Power Pact, Nine Power Pact, the Open Door in China, and the Four Power Pact betweens nations like U.S., Great Britain, and Japan

Main Ideas of Chapter 28 (blue headings in textbook):

 * Containing the Japanese: The U.S. gained control of the Pacific front by attacking Japan from two directions after misleading them to think that the U.S. had been defeated.
 * Holding off the Germans: The Allied Powers invaded Europe at two main places before invading France, which was their main goal. They tried invading Italy, but ultimately failed and the USSR wasa successful in defeating the Germans.
 * America and the Holocaust: Although the public was in favor of helping the Jews in the Holocaust, many anti-Semites would prevent Jews from entering the U.S. as well as providing military aid.
 * Prosperity: World War 2 officially ended the Great Depression by putting an end to many economic problems due to the start of the war industry that created jobs.
 * The War and the West: The West was actively involved in the war by creating centers for shipbuilding and aircraft.
 * Labor and the War: Unions were expanding however the standards set became more strict. Certain standards that were not necessairly in favor of the workers were the "no strike" pledge, no intervention of production, the Smith-Connally Act, and set prices and wages.
 * Stabilizing the Boom: The government had prospered the economy by selling bonds and new taxes through the Revenue Act of 1942 which had mostly ended the inflation and maintaining "frozen" prices and wages enforced by the Office of Price Administration.
 * Mobilizing Production: To meet war needs, new factories and industries were created to increase production by the War Protection Board similar to World War 1 War Industries Board.
 * Wartime Science and Technology: The National Defense Research Committe pioneered technological advancements in war devices. They began using radar and sonar to detect U-Boats as well as launching secret missions (Ultra and Magic) to detect and steal German/Japanese intelligent devices.
 * African Americans and the War: Due to major demand in war plants African Americans mostly migrated to northern cities during the Great Migration in 1914-1919 in order to helkp the industry meet the demands of war. Public opinion on racial tensions were beginning to shift through the efforts of public organizations like CORE ( Congress of Racial Equality).
 * Native Americans in the War- Native Americans were hired as "code-talkers" to speak their language over the radio so that enemies would not be able to intercept and understand them. Others served in the military, one of the men who rose the flag at Iwo Jima were Native Americans.
 * Mexican American War Workers: After previously being forced out of their jobs as farmworkers, Mexican Americans were re-employed because ofthe wartime labor shortage. In defiance, some teenage mexicans called pachucos began dressing distinctively and starting what became known as "Zoot-Suit" riots, where they invaded navy bases in Long Beahc, California.
 * Women and Children at War: Women were employed in various places to replace servicemen, they acted as soldiers without guns at home.Women had limited child care opportunities so thye were forced to leace their chilren alone while they were at work.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wartime Life and Culture: The increase in popular culture that had been previously seen in the "Roaring 20s" began to reappear during the war because of prosperity and consumerism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Interment of Japanese Americans: After the attack at Pearl Harbor many government officials had viewed Japanese people as threats, resulting in their confinement in "relocation camps" for monitoring.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chinese Americans and the War: In the U.S. Chinese people had gained social status and wealth due to the alliance of U.S. with China in the war.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Retreat from Reform: Roosevelt proposed a new approach that focused on victory of the war rather than economic issues now that many of them had already been resolved. Roosevelt manage to gain the popular vote once again in the 1944 Election and maintaining Democratic control of both houses.

Map Analysis:
Page 741: World War 2 in the Pacific
 * The Japanese covered lots of area through its expansion by land and sea like parts of China, New Guinea, Thailand, Dutch East Indies, adn te
 * there were a lot more routes from the allied forces and it seems like one of the strategies of the allied forces was to attack on the Japaneses from several different directions
 * many of the allied victories tend to be in the same central location near the Caroline Island while the very few Japanese victories are closer to the mainland, maybe that's because it was easier for them to have access to soldiers and supplies
 * how come the supply routes are coming in from places like India
 * started with attack on Peral Harbor
 * The USSR entered war against Japan on August 8, 1945

Page 743: World War 2 in North America and Italy: The Allied Counteroffensive, 1942-1943
 * the invasions and routes of battles start from the east and west and lead towards the middle of northern Africa where they begin to travel north into Italy
 * were the battles shown victories or losses?
 * Switzerland is colored green to represent a neutral country but it is surrounded by countries on all sides that are colored as "Vichy France" and "Furthest Extent of Axis Conquest" so how did they possibly stay neutral if they were so influenced by other countries?

Chapter 28 Top Ten

 * 1) War Production Board: this agency was in charge of controlling the war industry and meeting its needs as well as helping the economy
 * 2) Rosie the Riveter: the federal campaign to encourage women to obtain jobs that were abandoned by men who joined the military in order to maintain the needs of the war
 * 3) D-Day: On June 6, 1944 the U.S. army led by Dwight D. Eisenhower invaded Germany and Japan
 * 4) Atomic Bomb: two nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that killed 80,000 million and 100,000 million people in Japan and forced Japan to surrender because they did not respond to the U.S.'s demand of unconditional surrender
 * 5) Election of 1944: Roosevelt was elected for his fourth term in office although he died shortly after where Harry Truman took over
 * 6) Korematsu vs. United States- Korimatsu refused to go to a refinement camp so he sued the government and in the end the Supreme Court ruled against Korimatsu and said that the refinement camps were constitutional similar to Lincoln and Habeus Corpus where the president and the government are allowed to issue any order during time of war
 * 7) Repealing the Chinese Exclusion Act: Congress repealed the Chinese Exclusion Acts in 1943 to re-allow Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. this was when the relations between China and the U.S. had improved
 * 8) Holocaust and Antisemitism in U.S.: Hitler and Mussolini had transformed Russia into a Communist nation and putting Jewish people into internment camps. When the U.S. had heard about the things that were happening to the Jews they would often times not provide much aid and government officials even prevented some Jews from entering the country
 * 9) Nimitz and Macarthur: Two generals for the military; MacArthur approached Japan from the South while Nimitz approached westward, through their strategic attacks they were able to weaken the Japanese army
 * 10) World War 2: The end of World War 2 resulted in an end to the economic issues of the Great Depression, the creation of a new industry and America as one of the two strongest and most powerful nations leading in to the Cold War.

World War 2




Chapter 29 - The Cold War Begins
U.S. vs. USSR (United Soviet Socialists) Democracy and Capitalism vs. Dictatorship and Communism

-fight for the most wealthiest and powerful position in the world -competing ideologies -the U.S. used the atomic bomb to threaten the USSR -Stalin was mad that the U.S. had kept the atomic bomb as a secret when they were allies -disagreement of the future of Poland, Germany, and other countries after World War 2 -Russia became a communist country duirng the Russian Revolution (called Bolshevik Revolution to the communists) of 1917 and Russia dropped out of World War 1 when they were supposed to be fighting in alliance with the U.S.; the campaign for the Bolshevik Revolution and transformation to the Communist Party was peace, land, and food(end of starvation)
 * Causes for the Cold War**


 * What is it? & How was it practiced?**
 * Democracy: Fair representation of the people; it is practiced through elections of representatives rather than direct elections, in america there is representative and constitutional democracy
 * Capitalism: Competition between people to excel in society and wealth, where you have to work to acheive; in america there is a mixed capitalist economy (where there is some government intervention)
 * Dictatorship: Complete control and authority given to one person and gives no consideration of the public's opinion; this is practiced in the USSR by cotnrolling all areas of society and the economy, for example he controlled the media and music that they listened to. " Death is the solution to all problems. No man - no problem.  "
 * Communism: one political party where there was no social mobility and believed in similarity, sharing, common ownership, and complete equality; in the USSR the only legal political party was the communist party, lack of rights and freedoms like when they put writers and artists in jail, enforced no religion, the government ran every aspect of life

Chapter 29 Top Ten

 * 1) <span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">GI Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944) added to the increase in spending by giving economic aid and education to soldiers returning from war.
 * 2) The Fair Deal was rejected because the majority of the people in both houses of Congress were Republicans and more conservative so did not want to pass many policies for change.
 * 3) Mao Zedong, leading the Communist Party, defeats Chiang Kai-shek and China becomes communist
 * 4) The Korean War: It all starts when Korea splits into the communist North and capitalist South
 * 5) Red Scare: millions of people in the U.S. were afraid of the threat that the Soviet Union would transfom their government into communism and the spread of communism
 * 6) McCarthyism was the idea that communists were gaining more and more influence on America and getting involved in the American government (for example spies) and was developed by Joseph McCarthy
 * 7) Dwight D. Eisenhower won the Election of 1952 bringing back the ideals of the Republican Party and creating a Republican majority in both houses of congress
 * 8) HUAC was the House Un-American Activities Committee which was an organization that held investigations to catch communist spies
 * 9) NATO was an "alliance" formed between 12 different countries that stated they would protect each other and help fight against the Soviet Union if they were to attack
 * 10) MacArthur vs. Truman: after going beyond his orders in China and not doing what he was given permission to do, Truman fired MacArthur

Today In History
March 22nd,1947: President Truman orders an executive order that all federal employees had to have a loyalty check; this was Truman's way of showing that the Democrats would not be soft on communism In 1947 Joe McCarthy had not completely developed yet so there was already some sort of conspiracy

Add to Chap 29 Questions:

1. The Cold War was not direct warfare bewtween U.S. and Soviet Union. The U.S. and the Soviet Union did not actually declare war on each other but there was violence between other nations at the time. It was conflict of ideas where the U.S. and the Soviet Union was trying to influence the types of government, economic systems, and race. Periods of "hot" war were times like the Korean War where there was actual engagement in military warfare. 4. The Fair Deal was Truman's attempt to get fair beneftis for people. At the time it was as successful as the New Deal because it created the necessary jobs and gave people economic benefits however not many people liked it. In 1945 Truman (Democrat) takes over after Roosevelts death. In 1946 there are midterm elections where the Republicans take over both houses of Congress which makes it diffucult for Truman to pass the Fair Deal because they are conservatives. In 1948 Truman was reelected and the Democrats take back Congress so some of the Fair Deal proposal's pass. 5. After the Civil War China was in a civil war, a battle beteen communists and nationalists. When China became a communist country, Truman had to decide whether they would support Chang Kai-Shek or Mao Zedong. China was an essential assest to the U.S. plan of containment and made it not worth it to enter the war militarily agaisnt two strong communist forces. After the Chinese Civil War the U.S. and China had lots of tensions because the U.S. had previously beeen supporting the nationalists against the communists.

Chapter 30
Timeline of the 1950s
 * Domestic || International ||
 * # 1954: Supreme Court rules in Brown vs. Board of Education
 * 1) 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott begins
 * 2) 1956: Eisenhower reelected president
 * 3) 1957: Civils Rights Act passed
 * 4) 1958: Naitonal Defense Education Act passed || # 1953: Truce ends Korean War
 * 5) 1957: Soviert Union launches Sputnik ||

Notes (Chapter Introduction Pages):

Key Terms:

Chapter Questions:

Other: