Unit+4


 * =What was meant by the Far West?=
 * land west of Mississippi rive
 * large diverse area (geographically: deserts. plains, mountains)

The Frontier?

 * the vision of the west (and idea)
 * the idea that it is land of opportunity
 * expansion, was viewed as a place they would discover and fulfill
 * they thought it was inhabited
 * the line that separates settled vs. unsettled and developed vs. undeveloped
 * wealth, adventure, individualism

Development:
__The Buffalo:__
 * the buffalo was a main resource because it supplied food, the skin could be used to make clothing, and the bones/horns could be made into weapons
 * it was their main prey that they hunted for
 * helped them survive and discover ways to live in the conditions of the Far West
 * the decimation of the buffalo had a major impact because they had hunted so many that the population decreased down to about 15 million in 1865 and by 1875 later it decreased to about one thousand
 * the buffalo were very important to the indians and now that the population decimated it killed many ofht eindians which made their tribes easier to conquer



__Transcontinental Railroad:__
 * began in 1865
 * the construction of the transcontinental railraod attracted many workers for example 12,000 chinese workers
 * led to development because the west had been coinsidered a land of opportunity so they wanted to take advantage of the land and develop it like htey did in the east. this created many jobs for people and provided not just transportation but also ways to transport goods



__Chinese:__
 * the majority of the immigrants were the chinese
 * the government had encouraged the immigration of the chinese becasue they were hardworking, had few demands, and accepted the low wages however there was a point where they had taken all the jobs from other white settlers who needed jobs as well so that led to the formaiton of anti coolie clubs
 * anti coolie clubs disliked Chinese immigration because their vast populations took the job opportunities from other white settlers, the anti coolie clubs reacted by boycotting all products made from the Chinese and started groups that would ban the employment of the Chinese
 * after that the government enforced the chinese expulsion act of 1882 (federal law) which banned chinese immigration into the U.S. for about ten years and also restricted Chinese immigrants that were already in the U.S. from gaining citizenship
 * the chinese helped develop the united states because they made up about 90% of the workforce for the construction of the transcontinental railroad, they had added diversity to the population in the West and they had established "chinatowns" which I think is a good step towarsd becoming more urbanized and developing into a society like the east where there had been major cities and businesses rather than just empty plains and fields

Myth vs. Reality Chart

 * ====== Myth ====== || ====== Reality ====== ||
 * ====== Great American Desert ====== || ====== There was an amount of time where there wasn’t much rainfall so it was fry and the conditions for farming became worse but it was only in some parts of the West ====== ||
 * ====== Full of opportunity – “American dream” ====== || ====== Many people were helped by the government for example the Homestead Act where the government is just giving away acres of land and then allowing you to keep it after 25 years ====== ||
 * ====== Everyone owned many acres of land and became very successful ====== || ====== Many people had to compete for jobs and land for survival - capitalism ====== ||
 * ====== The West was inhabited. ====== || ====== There were already people living there like Mexicans and Native Americans; very diverse ====== ||
 * ====== Chinese workers were more fit to work in mines because of their small size ====== || ====== It was just a tactic to get more workers to work for them with low wages rather than paying white settlers who would have asked for more ====== ||
 * ====== Cowboys were thought of as very brave, courageous and wealthy men but they were actually low paid. ====== || ====== Very few became wealthy ====== ||
 * ====== full of pastures and plains and mostly fertile soil ====== || ====== mountains, plains,deserts, diverse climate ====== ||
 * || ====== farmers found great debt because the prices kept fluctuating ====== ||

Chapter 17: Industrial Supremacy (supremacy = becoming the best)
Preview:
 * often considered the 2nd Industrial Revolution, America becomes leading industrial country in the world
 * becomes extremely productive, exponential growth in wealth, and birth of modern American capitalism
 * fast rapid growth and development
 * 1st industrial revolution was between 1820-1850; 2nd industrial revolution was between 1875-1910
 * the use of steel to make products
 * new ways of transportation; henry ford car
 * new ways of fuel through petroleum
 * the wright brother invent first airplane
 * using research and development and science for reasoning
 * excelling in education
 * producing cars in vast numbers
 * doubled the amount of railroads and were spread out through the nation from 1870 to 1890
 * there was limited liability, so risk of taking railroads foir transportation?
 * a structure of today's governemnt began to form
 * idea of social darwinism and survival of the fittest
 * maintaining a status quo?
 * Russell Conwell and Horatio Alger are examples of advancement in education and literature
 * banning of overpoweirng monopolies and the problems they cause
 * more and more inequality and social class/rank
 * immigartion leading to problems between ethnic groups and racial differences
 * women and children roles in society, for example beginning to work
 * the mistreatment and labor for women and children
 * creation of child labor laws in result of (^)
 * creation of groups like the naitonal labor union to protect women and children from harsh unmanageable labor
 * a natioanl strike of railroads between middle class workers and the militiamen
 * the knights of labor
 * opinions and opposition to female employment

corporation: idea of selling stock, business run by two or more people, owner keeps at least 51% of stock andrew carnegie: steel tycoon, (carnegie hall, carnegie melon university, carnegie foundation) john d. rockefeller: iol tycoon (rockefeller center, rockefeller foundation) j.p.morgan: investment banker, first guy to start a bank to invest in people (j.p. morgan chase bank) - all took advantage of the industrial growth - as some peopoe like carnegie, rockefeller and morgan were becoming wery wealthy there was also a flip side where there were many workers who were stuggling;during the industrial boom many groups of workers began to form unions which were often opposed by tycoons and corporation owners union: a group that works in the best interest of the workers

Chapter 17 : Social Darwinism
-the concept focuses on survival of the fittest -related to the idea of natural selection which was proposed by Charles Darwin -first appeared in Europe in 1877 by 19th century philosopher Herbert Spencer -Social Darwinists: Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, and Francis Galton -some social darwinists believed that poverty and social ills were the result of bad genes -Hitlers racial theory was based on Social Darwinism; In Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote "The stronger has to rule and must not mate with the weaker. Only the born weakling can consider this cruel.” -the idea of social darwinism is often used to justify the Nazi's trying to create an Aryan race because they said that only the strongest and most powerful should survive and produce which is what they were trying to do by eliminating the weak (which they thought were the Jews) from society -In politics it is usually related to the Laissez Faire because social darwinism is competing to see who is best fit in society and in Laiisez Faire it is very similar because its a part of capitralism where there is also a lot of competition.the only way to be part of the capitalist economy and free-trade is if you succeed enough to participate otherwise you dont have a big role -its like social classes with the richest, most powerful, and successful ones on top and then as you go down you encounter poverty and uneducated people





Taylorism:
-increase efficiency by dividing into subsets of jobs -caused less skilled workers, easier to get a job and decrease importance in workers -in some cases the workers were timed to make them more "machine like" and create productivity

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Imperialism
-to expand their own trade markets to build the economy as a U.S. advantage -compete with other nations for dominant economic/industrial power -fulfill idea of manifest destiny -gained economic influence by selling, buying, and trading with China (economic or political influence) -the united states taking control and gaining land: missouri compromise, louisiana territory, alaska, hawaii, californian, oregon, puerto rico -to uplift less fortunate people by bringing them their ideas of civil liberty -the united states gained control of the phillipines after the Spanish American War (1898) -the war in Iraq
 * industrialized countries dominating under developed/ pre-industrialized countries
 * easier for countries that are larger, wealthier, and more industrialized to conquer and take control of other naitons because they have transportation, strong militaries, money, power
 * differnet ways of imperialism: economic or political influence, taking control of territories, empire building, territorial expansion, economic or political influence or taking control of nations
 * motivations for doing it:
 * example:



Spanish - American War

 * duration of four months
 * 1898
 * U.S. vs. Spain
 * America was trying to __protect Cuba__ and then became America taking control of territory from Spain like __Puerto Rico__, __Phillipines__, and __Guam__
 * Marti, a Cuban rebel, destroyed American sugar plantations so that America would get invovled
 * yellow journalism: exagerated,sensationalized newspaper writing
 * U.S.S. Maine steemed towardCuba to help the conflict between Spainnad Cuba, then the Spanish fried at Americans
 * George Dewey was ordered to destroy the Spanish rule in Phillipines
 * Emilio Aguinaldo declared indepence, the Phillipines ended up fighting Phillpines for control after they were taken from the Spanish,unlike Cuba who had been independent
 * teddy roosevelt led a fleet of soldiers at kettle hill and took contorl of san juan hill with the help of two african american fleets
 * the americans landed in Puerto Rico when Spain had declared a treaty with America to end military conflict

5 W's:
__Who__ -Americans- attempted to help the Cubans but ended up fighting the Spanish -Spanish- had control of Cuba and Phillipines, fought the Americansin the war -Cubans-they wanted help from the U.S., became independent after the war -Puerto Rico- the last place that the U.S. landed at before te end of the war -Phillipines- wanted their independence from the Spanish and acheived that goal but were then taken contorl of by Americans -McKinley- president at the time -rebels- Marti, Aguinaldo, they would rebel and disobey agaisnt the Spanish control -Pulitzer/Hearst- controlled yellow journalism and media -Roosevelt/Dewey- became commanders of certain regiments in the army during war -American army- many volunteers fought in regiments; some were African American and some were white

__What__ -Marti destroyed american sugar plantations -The U.S.S. Maine sailed down to Cuba and harbored in Havana where it was attacked by the Spanish -George Dewey ceased Phillipines from Spain -The battles of Las Guasimos, El Caney, and San Juan Hill were led by Roosevelt where he defeated the Spanish armies -Dominating control of Puerto Rico -Debate over the Phillipines whethere or not to take control of them, the U.S. did take control and then gave them back their indpendence later on -The Treaty of Paris brought an end to the war, signed and ratified

__When__ -4 months in 1989 -Marti along wiht other rebels revolt from 1868-1878 -The U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana Harbor, Cuba in 1898 -Congress declares war on April 25th 1898 -The Phillipines opposed American rule from 1898 to 1902 -The Treaty of Paris was signed in December 1898 and then ratified by Senate on February 6th 1899

__Where__ -Cuba- area where Spanish had control, when the americans arrived in Cuba they were attacke, where the warhad taken place -Puerto Rico- last place that the U.S. stopped at before the end of the war -Phillipines- where the war had taken place and took control -Guam- where the war had teaken place and took control

__Why__ -Marti destroyed american sugar plantations to try and get the americans involved in helping cuba become independent from spain -The U.S.S. Maine was sent down to Cuba to protect U.S. goods from being destroyed and to9 help protect Cuba -Dewey tried to cease the Phillipines so that he could take the Spanish colonies away from control of Spain -Dominated Puerto Rico to try and take away Spanish colonies





Thesis of the United States history from 1781 to 1915?
From 1781 to 1915 the United States of America focuses on building itself into a strong successful nation by developing socially, politically,and economically through trials of failures and successes.

Catherine Poirier's thesis: In the United States of America from 1781 to 1915, the country was developing their independence and culture through attempts in politics, the economy, and society in order to become a successful nation.

Group Thesis: In the United States of America from 1781 to 1915 the country was developing their independence and culture through trials of failures and successes, in ways of social separartion, structuring a cooperative government, economic boom and busts, and becoming diplomatically involved.
 * socially: social classes forming,
 * politically: forming a system of goverment with a democratic bicameral legislature with checks and balances, establishing federal laws, enforcing the constitution
 * economically: industrial revolution, some became really wealthy and others were mostly middle class,
 * diplomatically: trading with other nations, imperialism

Themes and Topic Outline:
-How is it a theme and what aspects proved it is a theme? Reform: -it is a theme because throughout history it has been a reoccurrence and it is a continuous goal for the United States -always looking for room to improve -there were several attmepts of reform: first industrial revolution, second industrial revolution, scientific revolution, enlightenment

Globilization: -the idea of wanting to expand is continuously arising in the needs of the united states -expanding to a worldwide scale -growth of trade, industry, and technology -an example would be imperialism, where the united states began to expand into foreign nations worldwide economically and politically

Demographic Changes: -originally started with Britain immigrants that traveled here moslty for business and economic purposes -then it transformed moslty into families and settling -after that it became a lot more diverse and full of different cultures and races: Irish, German, Italian, British, Chinese

Unit 4 Review: 15: Industrial America in the Late Nineteenth Century a) Corporate consolidation of industry b) Effects of technological development on the worker and workplace c) Labor and unions d) National politics and influence of corporate power e) Migration and immigration: the changing face of the nation f) Proponents and opponents of the new order, e.g., Social Darwinism and Social Gospel 16: Urban Society in the Late Nineteenth Century a) Urbanization and the lure of the city b) City problems and machine politics c) Intellectual and cultural movements and popular entertainment __1900 – 1940__ 17: Populism and Progressivism a) Agrarian discontent and political issues of the late nineteenth century b) Origins of Progressive reform: municipal, state, and national c) Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson as Progressive presidents d) Women's roles: family, workplace, education, politics, and reform e) Black America: urban migration and civil rights initiatives 18: The Emergence of America as a World Power a) American imperialism: political and economic expansion

Notes (Chapter Introduction Pages):

Key Terms:

Chapter Questions:

Other: