Unit+6

World War I
(what outcomes of world war 1 led to world war 2) -league of nations -treaty of versailles: between Germany and U.S., Germany accepted war guilt, Germany had to pay repurations(cost of damages), (Germany is to blame for both world wars), Germanyhad military restrictions, Germany lost lots of land they had once owened, it was a big mistake because it left Germany angry and in ruins which was a lesson they learned at the end of world war 2,

(how the U.S. got involved/ steps of joining world war 1) -World war 1 starts in 1914 and U.S. declares war on Germany by 1917; the U.S. did not want to get involved in the "European War" but eventually did 1-Declaration of "Neutrality" (1914): Presidenial candidate promises for neutrality and no interference in the war during his campaign which was his tactic during the elections but did not follow through 2-Economic Ties to Britain: america was founded and started at its core by the British but they also had a historical tie to Britain as well; 3- Lusitania (May 7, 1915): The German army sunk a British luxury pasenger ship killing a total of 1198 people, 128 of which were Americans; unrestricted submarine warfare: the germans ended up sinking many more ships after the Lusitania 4- Military Economic Preparation: the U.S. prepared themselves in case of any involvement in the war 5-Zimmermann Telegram (February 25, 1917): England recieved a telegram from Germany that was intended to reach Mexico so they could be allies and also including information on their plan to expand their territory if they could in invade the United States; the Germans were trying to use Mexico as a distraction for the U.S. because they were about to get involved 6-Russian Revolution (March 1917): The elder Russian moanrchy was removed from the governemnt and allowed for the Boishevik army to take over leading to the war 7-Declaration of War on Germany (April 1917):WIlson attempted to convince the Americans by applying reasoning for American participation in the war because he said it would construct world order, spread the progressive ideas that created a base for America's reform, and also maintain a league of nations to guarantee self determination for all nations ("peace without victory")

[appeasement: to let someone get away with something]

Post World War 1 Society in America (Chap 23)
(society in turmoil)
 * sever post war recession
 * compared to other nations America was hurt less by the war; America's the most powerful country in the world
 * not accepting the ideals of proigressivism as much as they used to
 * many strikes and acts of violence like the Boston Police Strike
 * the economic boom caused by high demand of war-ravaged goods of Europe led to an inflation; the inflation was also a result of the price controls during the war
 * 100,000 businesses went bankrupt or were in debt and about 453,000 farmers had lost their land
 * about 400,000 african american men had served in the army and when they came back they were heroes in urban cities like Harlem whcih was a sign of beginning to treat all people on equal terms no matter what race
 * union membership increased within the first twenty years of the 20th century especially in those associated with the AFL
 * race riots: racial tensoins and violence
 * labor unrest: demanding changes to working conditions
 * red scare: anti radicalism
 * Warren G. Harding elected president in 1921; campaign promise of returning to "normalcy"

Chapter 24: The New Era

 * roaring 20's, cultural frivolity
 * significant, even dramatic, social, economic, and political CHANGE[[image:http://www.visitingdc.com/images/hollywood-sign-address.jpg width="268" height="194" align="right"]]
 * evolving concept of the "new women"
 * battle in 1920s between people pushing for change(liberal) vs. conservatism

The Cinema: (page 649)
 * the film industry, although invented by the French & British, was dominated by America in response to WWI
 * 1920s- Hollywood produced 700 films a year on average; more than 10x the number by any other nation
 * France- 70%, Latin America - 80%, 95% in Canada & Great Britain of films were American made films
 * Half of the theatres in the world were in America by the end of WWI
 * The Soviet Union created a porcupine - similar to Mickey Mouse; shows influence of American culture on the world[[image:http://www.visitrenotahoe.com/images/what_to_do/arts/film-festivals/film-festival.jpg width="136" height="99" align="right"]]
 * Movies were & still are America's largest cultural export
 * Film industries in other countries were flourishing due to American market's influence - "Bollywood" - small british film industry (exported many great writers, actors, directors - Alfred Hitchcock)
 * In recent times Hollywood stil remains the leading place for film making, as does America in general. However, Hollywood itself is becoming more diverse & global - import of actors/directors/writers from other countries.
 * from 1922 to the 1930s the amount of people that watched filmns went from 40 million people to 100 million [[image:http://www.tuxjunction.net/articlepix/savoy.jpg width="305" height="223" align="right"]]

Dance Halls: (page 652-653)
 * dance craze swept America in the 1920s and 1930s
 * great African-American migration brought jazz out of the South and into the urban North
 * the phonograph and radio helped popularize music
 * relative prosperity allowed this to be available to the working class as well as prohibition of saloons and traverns helped limit their options of leisure time activities
 * to hear powerrful music, sjow off new clothes and hairstyles, and of course to dance
 * attractions include bands and famous musicians like Paul Whjiteman, Ben Pollack, Louis Armstrong, an[[image:http://chicago.urban-history.org/ven/dhs/savoy1.jpg width="319" height="200" align="right"]]d Duke Ellington
 * for working class immigrants dancing at dance halls and savoys was part of becoming American
 * large crowds foprmed at public placse like these dance halls however groups of people (usually by race or religion like Italians or Jews) would be segregated in their own groups
 * the growing culture began to overwhelm the close-knit-ethnic cultures that many young Americans had grown into
 * The Savoy was one of the largest and most popular dance halls of the country located in Harlem, New York featuring some of the most famous bands

Decline of the "Self-Made Man"
__Main Idea:__ After people started to value the importance of education the idea of the self-made man declined because people felt that in order to be successful you would have to be educated and trained rather than just working hard and having talent.
 * social immobility because you would have to be educated in order to excel in social class; wealthy people stayed wealthy and lower class people stayed in the lower class.
 * ambivalence: reperesenting triumphs of modern technological and industrial society however they had risen to success without the benefit of formal education

Five Key Main Ideas of 1920s

 * 1) Due to the economic boom many people, especially in the middle working class, were able to expand consumerism and affluence.
 * 2) As cities became more urbanized, rural areas would cling on to traditions rather than transforming with other parts of society.
 * 3) In the 1920s there were many new trends set in popular culture that transformed the social lifestyle from old traditions to new liberal ones.
 * 4) Women pursued more individuality and more freedoms while being less domestically involved.
 * 5) Conflicts arising in the 1920s affected many social classes and parts of society like conservatives vs. liberals, the rise of KKK, religious fundamentalism(Scopes trial), education, evolution (Darwinism), prohibition of alcohol, and nativism.

Chapter 24 Glog:
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Chapter 25: The Great Depression
significant events of the 1930s to 1940s:
 * 1929: the stock market crashes signaling the beginning of the Great Depression on Black Tuesday
 * 1930: the ten year drought begins in the South and Mid-west ( the Dust Bowl)
 * 1931: the Communist Party holds a hunger strike in Washington
 * 1932: the Reconstruction Finance Corporation is established
 * 1932: the banking crisis begins
 * 1933: President Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated (the New Deal begins)
 * 1935: the American Communist Party proclaims the Popular Front
 * Causes of the Depression: lack of diversification, maldistribution of wealth, declining exports, and unstable international debt structure

The Stock Market[[image:http://www.greekshares.com/uploads/image/stock_market_crash.jpg width="257" height="135" align="right"]]

 * buying and selling shares (shares as in buying partial owenership of public companies)
 * go through a banking/trading institution to buy shares of a company
 * fluctuation of prices depending on how successful the company is
 * when you buy stock it is called an investment
 * you dont make or lose any money until you sell
 * if the stock price decreases you will lose value but you dont lose money until you sell your shares
 * companies go public to gain money from the shares that people will buy from them so the company will receive money to help their company grow and prosper
 * the reasoning to a major question of the great depression and the stock market crash was "where did all the money go?" the money that they had lost was put into the value of the products which had not been sold because in the boom and busts cycle of the economy

Causes of the Economic Downturn

 * overproduction and overexpansion; too much supply
 * declining exports; low demand for U.S. goods from overseas
 * too much borrowing kexpecially from farmers
 * unstable, risky and unregulated banking system (too many loans)
 * too much economic focus on only a few industries
 * a small percentage of people controlled a high percentage of the money
 * global debt structure : European nations had borrowed from the U.S. but couldnt pay it back because of their financial issues
 * stock market crash

Steps to make a downturn become a depression

 * high unemployment
 * bank collapse; banking bankrupcy
 * investments were returning profit
 * severe business contraction: the amount of money put into making products decrease
 * farm bankrupcies

What can a government do when there is an economic depression?

 * create tariffs
 * regulate the banking system
 * government can diversify the economy
 * bailouts
 * tax cuts
 * fluctuate prices based on level of consumerism

Hoover's Attempts to Fight the Great Depression

 * increased tariffs and taxes in the U.S. to balance the budget
 * created the Agricultural Marketing Act to increase foreign demand on goods while raising the tariffs on foreign trade to make money; the purpose of this was to help farmers remain in business, create a corporation that would buy all the suplus agricultural goods so that farmers could raise prices rather tahn reducing prices (which causes inflation)
 * tried torestore public confidence in Americans that they would be able to get out of the depression
 * encouraged voluntary cooperation wihch was when he wanted corporations to voluntarily improve working conditions
 * the Hoover Program; proposed a program where the government would spend $423,000 on public works programs like roads, bridges. school, libraries, and parks so that more jobs are created however he was forced to limit that spending so that the governemnt would not end up in debt as well
 * Hoover was a conservative and believed in laissez faire
 * Reconstruction Finance Corporation
 * The Hawley Smoot Tariff was a tax on imports placed on farming agricultural goods that would end up protecting about seventy five fa[[image:http://cdn.crooksandliars.com/files/uploads/2010/01/28_10d0c.jpg width="200" height="266" align="right"]]rm products; he raised prices on foreign imports so that people will buy American goods instead he had done to try and increase more exports than imports; other foreign nations increase their tariffs as well which caused the amount of American exports to decline even more than they had
 * Hoover's downfall in the election was affected by the Bonus Army which is when Hoover was forced to call in the current army to remove World War 1 verterans from their protest when they protested for an early bonus that they were not supposed to receive until 1945

Hoover's Presidency Video

 * one of te largest public figures in the last decade
 * first president born west of the Mississippi
 * he was viewed as a big businessman
 * he was a workaholic
 * he didnt have the charm and became very defensive
 * politically Hoover took the blame for the removal of the Bonus Army and destroying them completely even though it was not his fault becasue General MacArthur had esceeded his authority

Great Depression Slideshow
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New Deal Slideshow
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Chapter 25 Top Tens

 * 1) Election of 1932: Hoover (Republican) faced FDR (Democrat) in the election. Roosevelt avoided controversial issues like racism, religion, and prohibition and instead focused on the economic depression. He ended up winning by a large popular vote and also in the electoral college because the majority of them were Democrats.
 * 2) "Interregnum": A period of time between the election and the inauguration date where the banking crisis had worsened and Roosevelt refused to promise to take a conservative approach to fixing the economy
 * 3) Protests: The Farmer's Holiday Association led farmer's in a product strike and veteran's (Bonus Army) demanded their bonuses immediately however they had been promised to be paid those bonuses. The result was Hoover putting General Douglas MacArthur in charge to control the protesters however wen beyond his authority and Hoover still took the blame and it ruined his reputation and image.
 * 4) Hoover Program: Hoover's plan was to gain confidence in the public that they would get out of the depression and one of his first attempts was by getting businesses to participate by voluntary action so that the economy could grow
 * 5) Reconstruction Finance Corporation: gave loans to businesses and industries like utilities and railroads to try and help them rebuild their industries
 * 6) Agricultural Marketing Act: helped lower prices of crops for farmers and increased foreign tariff through the Hawley-Smoot Tariff to aid farmers
 * 7) American Culture: During the depression there was still lots of popular culture in the form of radio, theater, photography, and writing. Photographers and writers often wrote or photographed the struggles of the working class, urban poverty, and minorities. In the early 1930s less people attended movies (compared to the Roaring '20s) however by mid 1930s the population of people that attended movies increased again. One of the main forms of entertainment, news, and communication was the radio; in the 1930s almost every family had a radio.
 * 8) Self Made Man: the idea of the self made man survived even through the depression because people were forced to work even harder to survive
 * 9) Racial tension and life for African Americans: many African Americans living in the south were forced to move north to find employment because mostly all jobs in the south were given to whites; the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) to help to increase black population in labor unions and diversify
 * 10) Dust Bowl: a ten year drought starting in 1930 that damaged crops for one third of the farmers in rural areas forcing them to search for employment; their income decreased by about 60%

Chapter 26 Top Tens

 * 1) New Deal: Roosevelt's plan to rebuild the economy and take America out of the Great Depression. The New Deal consists of changes like a new structure of government used today, welfare system, and increase in employment rates.
 * 2) Bank Holiday: a holiday that took place for four days where all banks shut down so that Congress could find a way to solve the issue. Since many people were afraid of losing their money they all started withdrawing and since so many people did it all of a sudden many banks were declaring bankruptcy so they passed the Emergency Banking Act. This four day holiday helped banks recuperate from the sudden loss of large sums of money and ended up strengthening 3/4 of the banks that closed
 * 3) Agricultural Adjustment Act: the government maintained the amount of crops produced to prevent overproduction, increased income for farmers and made good use of vacant land
 * 4) Tennessee Valley Authority: a new and cheaper source for water to make electricity more affordable by building dams after the electricity failure
 * 5) Share-Our-Wealth Plan: a program proposed by Huey Long six months after Roosevelt's inauguration to help redistribute the wealth and put money back into the economy
 * 6) "Second New Deal": another huge program focused on redistributing wealth and gaining rights for forming unions for good hours and wages
 * 7) Strikes: several strikes held by groups like the United Auto Workers who had a sit-down strike where they had ended production until the union was recognized. Similarly the Little Steel (collective name for all smaller steel companies) held the Memorial Day Massacre where about a hundred people had been killed and injured so that their Steel Worker's Organizing Committee could be recognized
 * 8) Social Security: social security, welfare programs and government aid became available to those who were unemployed temporarily and those who were employed would receive pensions for their retirement which was an incentive to retire and make more jobs available to younger men
 * 9) Court Packing Plan: Roosevelt's attempt to get more Democrats appointed as Supreme Court justices so that more of his proposed policies could be passed however Congress ultimately did not agree with the plan however Roosevelt managed to convince the older members of the Supreme Court justice to retire who were then replaced with Democrats
 * 10) The New Deal and minorities: Many minorities achieved accomplishments like several African American men holding second-level positions in Roosevelt's cabinet as well as Frances Perkins who was the first female cabinet member. The achievements symbolize social changes under Roosevelt's presidency however overall minorities were not given many more rights than before.

Legacies of the New Deal

 * electoral realignment: a new coalition for democrats; first african american that voted for Republican was because of Lincoln, who wasa Republican, had givne them voting rights so they always voted for Repblican because of FDR's New Deal programs therefore African Americans began voting for Democrats
 * New Deal programs that lasted past the New Deal: social security, Federal Housing Authority, Federal Deposit Insurance that encouraged people to put their money in the bank, SEC to watch over amd regulate the stock market
 * physical products of the New Deal: TVA, WPA (biggest New Deal job program)
 * deficit spending - Keynesian economics (Keynes); he said the government can utilize deficit spending to stabilize the economy; the governemnt didnt want to keep spending as much deficit as they had been spending
 * in the mid 1930s the decrease in unemployment rates were not signifying that there was a recovery because many of the New Deal job programs helped provide jobs which were all funded by the government that was at the same time increasing defiicit
 * the New Deal and the National Economy/Recovery: it helped make things no worse and possibly a little better but it was not a recovery
 * "Broker State": an acheivement of the New Deal was to strengthen interests of groups sop they are competing in the marketplace
 * Women and African Americans in the New Deal: During Roosevelt's presidency and the establishment of New Deal programs the acheivements for minorities like women and African Americans had chaneged. Some legacies that continued past the New Deal were some like the involvement of women and African American in positions of power like Frances Perkins and several African American second-level office holders in Roosevelt's cabinet; although there were symbolic accomplishments, there wasnt much social mobility for the general population of those minorities
 * The New Deal and American Politics: expectations of the federal government had changed because instead of focusing on cultural issues like they had in the 1920s they were now focused on economic issues; became a bigger and more powerful impact on society by creating programs and agencies as "regulators" in the economy
 * The New Deal and it's legacy in the West: during the great depression the government had been the most involved by creating more visible and effective policies present in the West than in any other region, which was important because the West had originally been the poorest region and in the worst conditions
 * The New Deal and the "Indian Problem": programs of the New Deal had given Native Americans control of their original land, however they had become the lowest and poorest social class
 * Federal Welfare State: providing aid for many Americans such as unemployment checks

Notes (Chapter Introduction Pages):

Key Terms:

Chapter Questions:

Other: