Unit+3

Expansion of Cotton, Slavery and Plantations in 19th Century America

A picture taken from howbigreally.com showing the size of a 1000acre plantation in the 19th century compared to the size of the city of Malden. The size of the highlighted area is huge, as of today there are probably 700 homes located in that one area and maybe 200 or so businesses as well. Compared to the map provided in the book showing al the aspects of an average plantation, I can tell there are only about 30 homes altogether (this includes the master's home, the homes of the servants and all the slaves) and then I would approximate that about 75% of the land is left for agriculture. By taking the same amount of space and comparing the different uses shows exactly how different and dependent on plantations and slavery they were.

Map of cotton production and slave distribution

Comparing Mpas on page 296- in 1820: -few areas centralized with lots of slavery -main clusters were found in South Carolina, parts of Virginia, Georgia, and Kentucky -cotton production was most common in areas like SOuth/North Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi border -some places that did not have cotton plantations still had over 200 slaves located in that area -how come some of the biggest populations of slaves were in VIrginia, it is spo clos to the border between the North and South? doesnt it cause conflict

in 1860: -more areas of centralized slavery like almost half of Virginia, a third of Alabama, and most of South Carolina -slavery was everywhere and a lot more widespread -populations of slaves increased dramatically

VS. From 1820-1860 (from above): Population -about 410,000 slaves moved from the upper South to cotton states (either moved with their masters or were sold to other plantations in those areas)
 * Alabama: 41,000 to 435,000
 * Mississippi: 32,000 to 436,000
 * Virginia 425,000 to 490,000

Southern Society
[|Bubble.us website]

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Chapter 12 Preview: Antebellum Culture and Reform -antebellum (from Latin) means before war; in this case it meanse before the Civil War (ante=before, bellum=war) -advancements in literature, writing, arts, and education (publishing points of views) -Catharine Beecher found Hartford Female Seminary (1823) -William Lloyd Garrison publishes the Liberator (1831) -Liberty party formed (1840) -Womens Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New york (1848) -oppsing views of utopianism and transcendalists (transcendalists: reasoning for why things happen vs. utopianism: a perfect society)

Temperance Movement:
-temperance means to reduce the intake of alcohol; MODERATING, CONTROLING, (TEMPER) -prohibition means to COMPLETELY BAN, OUTLAW, (PROHIBIT)

-The Drunkard's Progress -shows consequences of the different levels of alcohol consumption to advocate abstinence from alcohol -underneath the steps is a women crying by herself with her child because advocates said that men who drink more tend to spend more money on alcohol than their families -in the 1850s this was very common especially among Catholic immigrants because it was part of their culture and social ruituals that they brought with them -in the picture it seems that the more alcohol you are consuming, the pictures shown above each step show people and how they would act. if you look from left to right (least to most alcohol) I think the people portrayed in the (for example) on step #3 the people look well dressed and more classy as opposed to the people in Step 8 or 9 -in the cartoon I dont think it is that accurate compared to today because people that drink are not only men, some are women too but in this cartoon it only shows one woman and all the rest are men. in the graph below it shows how that both men and women drink, although maybe different amounts.

Chapter 13 Maps:
page 340 - Expanding Settlement 1810-1850 page 345 - Western Trails in 1860 page 349 - The Mexican War 1846-1848 page 350 - Southwestern Expansion 1845-1853
 * before 1810 most of the settlement was on the East Coast and to the east of the Appalachian Mountains
 * from 1810 to 1830 there was lots of expansion westward probably due to farming and the need for new fresh soil, when farming cotton it would exhaust the soil over time, therefore needing new fertile land, the Louisiana Purchase was passed in 1803 so the encouragment of expansion took place shortly afterwards
 * in 1830-1850 there was more expansion west becasue many new states wanted to join the union
 * there were a lot more trails that led to areas in northern California rather than into Oregon probably because of the Gold Rush
 * Since trails passed through areas of Texas when trying to travel into parts of California this brought many more settlers into areas of Texas which leads up to the Texas Revolution and the Mexican American War
 * The American forces had many victories probably because ofthe different routes that were taken; there were many different groups: Kearny coming down from Missouri, Scott traveling by sea, Wool from Texas. This strategy was really efficient since the American had a lot more victories than the Mexicans. The Mexican army had met up with the several American troops at Buena Vista but it seem like they had retreated from the direction of the arrow
 * I would think the Mexican army had an advantage since in was in their own country, just like the Americans in the Revoliutionary War
 * the land that was gained by the United States during those times were in the areas where Texas, California, Arizona and New Mexico are today
 * the land in the mexican cession that was given up was part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for $15 million, this was a lot of money but the amount of land given was about half of our country today. mexico must have been in need of money to make that kind of deal

page 354 - Slave and Free Territories under the Compromise of 1850
 * there were more free areas but all were states, some were states but the other newly added territories were only territories so they didnt have representation in Congress
 * introduciton to popular sovereignty where the decision of free or slave state is made by the citizens of that area; democratic
 * the compromise of 1850 removes the "line" that had seperated the north and south into free and slave states

Theme: Westward Expansion Causes: war, treaties, gold, land, immigration, entrepreneurship,

Manifest Destiny: its the united states fate to have control over all of America, god has given America the right to the land because of their democracy, white superiority, better economy and government and culture

**Chapter 14:**
background causes:
 * 1833; Abolitionist Movement
 * 1850; Compromise of 1850
 * 1850; Fugitive Slave Act
 * 1850; Annexation of western territories (California and Texas)
 * 1852; Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * 1854; Kansas Nebraska Act - allowed popular sovreignty which brought violence because abolitionists and non abolitionists could not co-exist
 * 1855; Potawatomie Massacre
 * 1857; Dred Scott decision
 * 1859; John Brown's Raid
 * 1860; Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
 * Secession of Southern States: since the southern states started seceding from the nation they were leaving more representatives who were Republicans in Congress meaning there was a higher chance they would have more people in favor of antislavery. South Carolina was the first to secede.
 * Fort Sumter: first battle of the Civil War
 * More Secession of Southern States: With more secession from the states there was a lot more representation for the northern states.

-the inauguration of Amraham Lincoln because he was in favor of anti-slavery -the population in the North was a lot larger so they had more people that could serve in their army -since they were a lot more industrialized in comparison to the south they were able to manufacture many of their own weapons and ammunition rather than the south
 * **//North//** || **//South//** ||
 * __Advantages:__

__Disadvantages:__ -they were not familiar with the territory of the South where they had fought -had to transport ammunition and supply -it was hard to transport especially because they were first of all not used to the means of transportation and also because there weren't many railroad connections || __Advantages:__ -familiar wiht the territory where they fought -had easier access to ammunition and supply -the Southern white population had a firmer stand on the issue of slavery and showed more support for the war where as the North had divided points of view on the war; unanimous in decision for secession

__Disadvantages:__ -inauguration of Abraham Lincoln -unable to create their own weapons like the North could ||

Economic Measures: (4-5 key econmic actions that the North took to support the war)
 * Levying taxes on almost all goods and services and even income tax
 * Issuing paper currency called "greenbacks" which was based of the faith and trust factor because it was not actually backed with gold and silver
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Borrowing/Loans: people were able to buy bonds that were sometimes worth up to millions of dollars from the government and accepted loans from people and sometimes other nations; the most significant way to fund the war
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">National Bank Act: Smaller banks could enter the National Bank if they had enough capital and would have to invest one-third of their money to the government. In return the banks would be able to issue their own currency (bank notes) which created a uniform system of currency
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The draft into the Union Army because they made profit from white males aged 18-35 who would buy substitutes to take their place in the army

11: Civil War a) Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent -the two societies used to be economically dependent on each other for resources but now that they were in war their relationship weakened  b) Military strategies and foreign diplomacy -the south attempted to continue trade of cotton with foreign nations after losing their former consumers, the North -the south had good military leaders because they showed strong tactics when attacking the north c) Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war -the African American slaves in the South were freed and then employed as soldiers in the Union army  -before they were all emancipated there were only a few regiments of African American soldiers, one of which was the 54th Regiment of MA  d) Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West -the south had lost a lot of money and their economy based off of trade, agriculture, and crops did not show strength for survival

12: Reconstruction a) Presidential and Radical Reconstruction b) Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures c) Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy d) Compromise of 1877 e) Impact of Reconstruction

Perspectives on Civil War / Reconstruction:
Groups--
 * White Southerners: a vicious and destructive experience; faced humiliation and hardship; resistant; they were living in destruction and ruin of cities with burnt plantations, neglected fields, and broken bridges/railroads; in the south the Confederate bonds and currency were worthless and had lost most of the young male population
 * White Northerners: angry that the southerners were getting by without punishment and still believed in slavery even though they lost
 * African Americans: they still did not have all the same rights and legal protection so there wasnt real equality; probably felt that the reconstruction didnt really change much; felt like they were abandoned by the government b/c they were free but they didnt have rights or anyway to move on
 * Big plantation owners and former slave holders: devastated and did not agree with what was happening becasue they lost everything that they had invested in
 * Radical Republicans: opposed lincoln, they wanted to make it tougher for the union to reunite and wanted to create punishments
 * Planter Class: they wanted to keep slavery on plantations and to keep it legalized; against reconstruction because without the slaves and without the young men to do the farming and the hard labor so they could not survive in the south

People--
 * Lincoln: wanted to unite the country to be one nation that's why he chose such a low number for the 10% Plan and move on rather than punishing the south for seceding; didnt want to go to war but felt it was neccesary b/c he didnt want the union to fall apart
 * Grant: he was one of the commanders in the Union army and supported antislavery; just like Lincoln he believed that making enemy armies and resources was the target of military efforts, not making enemy territory
 * Lee: he was named one of Davis's principal commander and had a strong army but in the end he had knew that the Confederate army would not survive considering the conditions and surrendered to Grant
 * Johnson: under his presidency the 13th and 14th ammendment were passed to provide protection by law for all citizens so he supported the Union and believed in antislavery and equal rights; completed Lincoln's term in office but was later impeached; moderate

Abraham Lincoln Video:
-why did he nullify the first Emancipation Proclamation by John Fremont if he did issue one as well? -lincoln didnt have the power to abolish slavery acocrding to the constitution, however he was making himself commander in chief of the army so he was therefore allowed to issue the abolishment of slavery because according to the constitution as long as they were in war where there opposing side is using slavery in a rebellion. -the Emancipation proclamation changed the war from a battle to obtain abolishment of slavery to a restoration of the union (revolution) -had to run against his former general who claimed he would compromise between north and south

Was the Civil War Worth It?
Although the Civil War was one of the __bloodiest wars__ in American history the outcome was worth it. Without the Civil War who knows what would have actually happened to America. All the things we have today like equal rights, protection from the government, and a united cooperative nation seem to be overlooked. Considering that America's government is a democracy and that in the past we are known for continuously making compromises like the __Compromise of 1850 and the Missouri Compromise__ there would have been no real solution to the issue of slavery if it wasnt for the Civil War. Even worse if there was a continuation of trying to compromise over and over again the naiton would constantly be at risk of falling apart because most states would have realized that they dont want to be part of a nation that wont make up their mind since there was __no way to completely please both sides like South Carolina had felt when they seceded__. With war comes deaths and hardships but instead of looking at the Civil War as a negative experience for the United States it should be considered a positive because America survived through such a milestone and ended up becoming one nation again. If the Civil War had not happened then there would have been just as much violence, if not more, in the United States over the same unresolved issue as __we have seen in "Bleeding Kansas" after yet another compromise was passed__. Today in American society may not be the best it could be since there is racism and segregation but compared to the situation of the nation during the late 1800s and early 1900s we have certainly improved.

Catherine- mixed feelings; positives for long term: its worht it, equal rights; negatives for short term: damaging to the south, created social darwinism Angela- compromises wont work b/c they dont solve anything; reconstruction helped give rights which was the first step to improve southernn society.. less dependent on farming Vanesha- worth it to a certain extent; paid ultimate sacrifice b/c it killed our own people

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