Unit+8

Eisenhower Video

 * 1953-1961 Republican
 * George Washington was his hero
 * public perception of "being out to lunch" but behind the scenes EWisenhower was the one that was really doign the work and making decisions ("hidden hand")
 * one of his first accomplishments was to sign the armistance and end the Korean War
 * downsized military, spent less on defense; went from largest military to producing the largest public works project(naitonal highway act)
 * brought major change to American culture
 * did not want to be involved in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education and the issue of racial segregation b/c it wasnt in federal power
 * economy soared and won reelection in 1956
 * "We Like Ike"
 * pledged pro western support for the southwestern portion of vietnam
 * Sputnik, a soviet union satellite, was launched into space before the U.S.
 * loss of Cuba to communism
 * next president John F. Kennedy - 1961-1963 Democrat

Map Analysis

page 839 - The United States in Latin America (1954-2001)
 * the United States issued for interventions in many Latin American countries in the fear that communism would soon take control of those nations near the United States and therefore be able to take over the United States
 * In many countries the U.S. had brought influecne by bringing aid to them mostly economically but someitmes also militarily for ElSalvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Grenada
 * In certain countries the U.S> had supported the rebellion and overthrwo of governments like the socailist government in Guatemala, overthrowing Castro in Cuba, and controlling the Panama Canal in Panama
 * The U.S. often faced opposition for example the riots against Nixon in Venezuela who is now run under dictatorship

page 839 - The War In Vietnam and Indochina (1964-1975)
 * the U.S. had established many military bases in Thailand and South Vietnam
 * the Northern Vietnamese military had many supply routes heading into South Vietnam, but thgey were all by land and required going through Laos ... why didnt they have any transport by sea?
 * North and South Vietnam were bordered by bodies of water (the North by the Gulf of Tonkin and the South by the South China Sea)
 * Cambodia bordered the other half of South Vietnam and Laos bordered the other half of North Vietnam[[image:http://media.maps.com/magellan/Images/WRLH050-H.gif width="386" height="415" caption="external image WRLH050-H.gif"]]

Vietnam War Timeline
**1941**

//Creation of the Vietminh//
The political party known as the Vietminh was created by the nationalist party led by Ho Chi Minh, a communist, who had led attacks in World War 2. In 1945 he ruled the nationalist government in Vietnam as soon as it became an independent nation

**1941-1954** //American Intervention// America gradually became more and more involved in the war first by invading countries in Latin America like the Dominican Republic where Johnson had sent 30,000 American troops. By February of 1950 the Truman administration had recognized France's request for support by providing economic and military aid against Bao Dai.

**April 26 to July 20, 1954** //Geneva Conference// This conference was designed to put an end tothe Vietnam conflict by ending all attacks in the war and propose a temporary border along the 17th parallel where Vietminh controlled the northern portion and a pro-western government would control the south.

**1959** //Viet Cong and the NLF// Two organizations are formed to overthrow the Diem nationalist government were known as the Viet Cong and the National Liberation Front

**November 1963** //Overthrow of Diem// In the fall of 1963 Kennedy agreed to a plan proposed by Southern Vietnam military generals which took place that November where Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu were assasinated

**August 1964** //Gulf of Tonkin// North Vietnames torpedo boats had attakced Americans on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin leading President Johnson proposed a plan known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that ensured Johnson the right to "take all necessary measures" and "prevent further aggresion" against the United States. This plan won 88 to 2 in the Senate and 416 to 0 in the House of Representatives.

**1967** //Bombing North Vietnam// By this time the war had changed and America had been playing an active role in the war. Not expecting such involvement as they joined the war, America dropped bombs onNorth Vietnam that excedded the amount of casualties in World War 2. American casualties rised from 14 in 1961 to 4000 in 196

**1968** //The Tet Offensive// The communist forces in North Vietnam launched an attack the first day of the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) while American soldiers had been stationed in South Vietnam. The communists gained control of many

**1968** <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 14px;">//Nixon v. Humphrey// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12px;">The 1968 Election was between Nixon and Humphrey but Nixon won by a slight margin with the campaign "Peace with Honor" which people thought signified that america would get out of the war with honor

**1971** <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 14px;">//My Lai Massacre// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12px;">Lieutenant William Cally approved the murdering of over 300 South Vietnamese soldiers where he was later charged for the crime

**1972** <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 14px;">//Christmas Bombing// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12px;">America led a raid through North Vietnam from December 17th-30th

**January 27 1973** <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 14px;">//End to the Vietnam War// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12px;">An agreement to end the war between North and South Vietnam and to create peace between them however fighting still continued after the agreement was signed

**1975** <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 14px;">//Decline of Saigon// <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12px;">The affects of the war continued, one of the biggest being the attacks from the North on the South where where they were eventually able to take over the city of Saigon and rename it to be Ho Chi Minh City

Historical Opinions on the Vietnam War
What was the Vietnam War about?
 * a fight for control over the future of Vietnam and who would be in control
 * decision of whether the country would be have a nationalist government or a pro-western government
 * bloody battle killing many casualties where the U.S. took on a much stronger role in the war than they had expected; at first they joined to help the French and South Vietnam but then they became a major power in the war
 * America indirectly involved because they were helping fund France but then when France backed out, the U.S. did not want to back out of the war therefore ended up supporting the South
 * It wasnt that worth it because of all the deaths and bloddy battles considering that it is now a communist country
 * the main idea/commitment to the war was to stop the spread of communism; the vietnam war was a large reflection of truman's doctrine of containment which had been carried out through several presidents

Opinions of other classmates:
 * Catherine's opinion: Nixon used the vietnamization tests as an excuse of getting out of the war
 * Devon: one of the most unpopular wars in the United States; there was no way the U.S. would have surrendered because they wouldnt ruin their reputation by appearing as a weak country

"Why Vietnam?" Video
created in 1965 by the U.S. government
 * "agression unchallenged is agression unleashed" --> when Italy, Japan, and Germany began invading into other countries and performed acts of communism; if you dont prevent it will continue therefore being a reason for the involvement in Vietnam War because if you dont stop the spread of communism then it will continue as it did shown by Hitler even after the appeasement and creation of the treaty
 * "weakness doesnot bring peace" --> a reason for not abandoning war
 * started with the French in Indo China
 * to help the South Vietnamese keep their peace and sovreignty
 * free elections take place in the south considering the north will not be having free elections in the north

Chapter 32 The Crisis of Authority
Main Issues:
 * 1) Vietnam War: the questioning of the war and military tactics of killing many vietnamese
 * 2) Social/ Racial Injustice: women rights, sexual orientation
 * 3) role of colleges and universities: students expectations changed; 1950s- people expected good education and jobs ... 1960s- speak freely, criticize/support, space for thinking, questioning, and experimenting[[image:http://reason.com/assets/mc/mwelch/2010_03/free_speech_movement.jpg width="262" height="225" align="right" caption="Some of the demands that youth had strived for were dfree speech especially in universities where they watned their dewmands to be met"]]
 * 4) youth rebelling parental authority
 * 5) cultural changes

__//The New Left//__ Main Idea: A new force in American culture supporting criticism and doubt of the political system.
 * mainly coming from youth/children of radical parents (the Old Left), sociologists at Columbia University, writers like C. Wright Mills,
 * focused on shift in viewpoint of authority; rebellious
 * gorwing demand for things like free speech
 * believed in change and fought for equal rights
 * Students for a Democratic Society: gathering of students to get a voice for their demands[[image:http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/doc187.gif width="130" height="244" align="right" caption="youth leading in the revolution of changes in culture"]]
 * The Left: Democrats and Liberals (fighting for change in equality) vs. The Right: Republicans and Conservatives (holding onto old traditions)

__//The Counterculture://__ Main Idea: A period of time where youth led a new uprising of cultural changes like standards and manners.
 * changes in culture, habits, and manner
 * influence of music change to rock and roll
 * hippies: long hair, shabby clothing
 * carelessness
 * questioning of sexual orientation and drugs
 * experimenting new things [[image:http://resources.chuh.org/CHHS/allaboutu/history/amhist/hippies.jpg width="472" height="195" caption="new developing image in culture: hippies"]]

Feminism, Women's Liberation, and Roe v. Wade
//Feminism//: the encouragement of women empowerment in society and equality between genders; pushing/adjusting social norms //Women's Liberation//: fighting restraints out on women; many people from the coutnerculture and the new left supported the fight for the women rights movement; power, freedom over their own lives, freedom, independence, free will, choice, follow own dreams. women wanted to extend their rights to be able to have positions in policitics, equal pay for equal work, opportunity to advance in the workplace, freedom to get a divorce and be able to support themselves after //Roe v. Wade//: legalized abortion for the first trimester; the decision was based off of the controversy of "the right to privacy"

Women's Liberation in Today's society: Wlamart is being sued for a trend of non equal promotion/advancement for females vs. males

Key Concepts of Chapter 33

 * Domestic || International/Foreign Affairs ||
 * * "Reaganomics" - economic policy that led to the reduction of taxes, less regulation of businesses (more of a laiisez faire capitalist economy), more benefits toward corporations and the wealthy, cut in federal budget, and taxes to simulate the economy; the result was a 3.6% increase in gross national product as well as a low unemployment rate and inflation; argues that if you tax and restrict the wealthy then it shrinks the business corporations and vice versa
 * "trickle-down" economics
 * went through several presidents (Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton)
 * shifted toward conservatism than liberalism (right vs. left): tax revolt, proposition 13,
 * political scandals
 * welfare programs cut - government was unable to afford them
 * increasingly high national deficit - over $100 billion
 * recession of 1990 || * decline in communism
 * end of the cold war
 * arms treaties - Strategic Defense Initiative(SDI), SALT
 * China experienced internal conflicts- a fight between the people and the government
 * The Gulf War - Invasion of Kuwait
 * Invasion of Panama
 * dependence on other countries for resources
 * rise in fear of terrorism ||

Notes (Chapter Introduction Pages):

3-31 chapter 31 ntoes 4-8 chapter 32 ntoes 4-24 chapter 33 notes

Key Terms:

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Chapter Questions:

4-6 chapter 31 questions 4-13 chapter 32 questions

Other: